Coughing and sneezing is stimulated by the Mast Cells and Basophils through activation by IgE antibodies, and is for mechanical expulsion of the pathogen. These cells release histamine which is picked up by the tissue and causes the coughing and sneezing. Cough medicine usually contains antihistamines which eliminate the histamine to reduce the amount of coughing and sneezing, similar to treatment for allergies.
Antihistimines are also sedatives, I'm not sure about the action of the drugs, but those are the chemical agents in the cough medicine that cause the drowsiness.
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